TKE meaning in Academic & Science ?

In fluid dynamics, turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) is the mean kinetic energy per unit mass associated with eddies in turbulent flow. Physically, the turbulence kinetic energy is characterised by measured root-mean-square (RMS) velocity fluctuations. In the Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes equations, the turbulence kinetic energy can be calculated based on the closure method, i.e. a turbulence model.

Generally, the TKE is defined to be half the sum of the variances (square of standard deviations) of the velocity components:

where the turbulent velocity component is the difference between the instantaneous and the average velocity u ′ = u − u ¯ {\displaystyle u'=u-{\overline {u}}} , whose mean and variance are u ′ ¯ = 1 T ∫ 0 T ( u (reference