JUMP FORMED due to sudden change in depth or discharge or both. Such situation occurs due to sudden opening or closing of gates, starting or stopping of pumps and loading or unloading of turbines.Statement II: TrueDepending on the direction of surge it can be positive or negative. Surge producing increase in depth of flow called positive surge and surge producing decrease in depth called negative surge.The VELOCITY of wave or surge with respect to the INITIAL flow velocity of canal is called celerity.For positive upstream surge:C = Vw + V1⇒ Vw = C - V1For Positive downstream surge:C = Vw - V1⇒ Vw = C + V1WhereVw is the velocity of wave and V1 is the initial velocity of canal.∴ The travel of a wave is faster in the upper portion (downstream) than in the lower portion (upstream) in case of positive surges.