CAO)(62 – 65%)Controls STRENGTH and soundnessMakes the cement unsound and it expands and disintegrateSilica(SiO2)(17 - 25 %) Adds strength to cement, as it forms C2S and C3SCauses slow setting of cementAlumina(Al2O3)(3 - 8 %)Provides QUICK setting of cement and lowers the clinkering tempLowers the strengthIron oxide(3 - 4 %)Provides color, hardness , strength and helps in fusion of raw material Magnesia(1 - 3 %)Provides hardness and color Decreases shrinkageMakes the cement unsoundAlkalies(0.2 - 1 %)Should be in limitAlkali aggregate reactionEfflorescence and staining