EXCITATION VOLTAGE Ef and terminal voltage Vt.Load angle (δ) or TORQUE angle is negative when rotor fields leads the resultant field and it is positive when the rotor field lags the resultant field.When δ is negative, the electromagnetic torque is in the OPPOSITE direction to the rotor rotation and must be balanced by an external mechanical torque for the rotor to run at synchronous speed.With positive δ, electromagnetic torque is in the same direction to the rotor rotation.For generator:For motor: