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Aldermaston is a village and civil parish in Berkshire, England. In the 2011 United Kingdom census, the parish had a population of 1015. The village is in the Kennet Valley, and bounds Hampshire to the south. It is roughly equidistant from Newbury, Basingstoke and Reading, and is 46 miles (74 km) west-by-south-west of London.

Aldermaston may have been inhabited as early as 1690 BCE; a number of postholes and remains of cereal grains have been found in the area. Written history of the village is traced back at least as far as the 9th century CE. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles show that the Ealdorman of Berkshire had his country estate in the village. The manor of Aldermaston was established by the early 11th century, when the village was given to the Achard family by Henry I; the manor is documented in the Domesday Book of 1086. The village church was established in the 13th century, and some of the original Norman architecture remains in the building's structure. The last resident Lord of the Manor, Charles Keyser, died in 1929. The manor estate was subsequently occupied by the XIX Tactical Air Command and the Women's Land Army, before being used as a commercial premises and a function venue. Following its sale in 2013, the estate became part of a plan for 227 new homes and the restoration of the manor house.

The name "Aldermaston" is well known in connection with the UK's nuclear weapons programme, as well as the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. The Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), which develops, maintains, and disposes of the UK's nuclear weaponry is in the parish. Built on the site of the former RAF Aldermaston, the plant has been the destination of numerous Aldermaston Marches. Until 2006, the village was home to the Aldermaston Pottery, which was established by Alan Caiger-Smith and Geoffrey Eastop in 1955.