TUNNELING based on soil typeI. Soft soil which requires TEMPORARY support during and after construction.II. Hard rocks (or) fully self-supporting soilSoft Soil Classification:Firm-groundThe roof can withstand without support for few minutes.Walls can withstand for 1-2 hrs after excavation.Eg. DRY earth, firm clay and cemented sand, etc.Running groundNeeds INSTANT support during excavation. Eg. Dry sand, gravel, and silt, etc.Self-supporting groundThe GROUND can stand unsupported while excavation was done for 1.5 to 5 m.Eg. Sandstone, hard clay, etc.Soft groundThe roof needs instant support after excavation.Walls can withstand without support only for few minutes. Eg. Soft earth, clay, and damp