VEDAS. The means of knowledge used is known as Shabda (Verbal testimony) as Vedas act as a verbal testimony to convey the meaning.Pramanas:Pramanas are proofs or 'means of knowledge'.It is the theory of knowledge and encompasses valid and reliable means of knowledge.the sis pramanas are PratyaksaAnumanaSabdaUpamanaArhapattiAnupalabdhiIn different schools of philosophy, they accept different means of knowledge or different pramanasMeans of knowledgeDescriptionExampleAnumana (Inference)It is relational means of knowledgeIt is the cognition that PRESUPPOSES some other cognition.For example, This hill has FIRE because it has smokeThis hill has fire because it has smokeArthapatti (Implication)It is the assumption of an unperceived fact in order to reconcile two apparently inconsistent perceived facts.The ELEMENT of doubt distinguishes presumption or implication from inference.For example, Mohon is fat. He does not eat in the morning. So he eats at night. Shabda (Verbal testimony)A sentence that is a means of valid knowledge is called verbal testimony.It is the fourth kind of valid knowledge in Nyaya philosophy, it is called SABDA or agama or authoritative verbal testimony.It is defined as the statement of a trustworthy person (aptavakya) and consists in understanding its meaning.A sentence is defined as a collection of words and a word is defined as that which is potent to convey its meaning.The power in a word to convey its meaning comes, according to ancient Nyaya, from God, and according to later Nyaya, from the long-established convention.Verbal testimony can be classified into two,Vaidika and secular (laukika).For example, water the plant Upamana (Comparison)It is knowledge derived from comparison and roughly corresponds to analogy. It is the knowledge of the relation between a word and its denotation.For example, the nilgai is like a common cow